Sea Water Injection System

Sea Water Injection System In order to improve the oil recovery in an oil field the injection of sea water is used to increase the pressure inside the reservoir and enhance the oil production. The graph given in Figure 1 is a typical seawater injection system, before the injection process, water must have a treatment to decrease the corrosion rate caused by seawater in pipe lines, surface and downhole injection equipments. The treatment is based in a mechanical de-aeration process and chemical scavenger injection to decrease the concentration of oxygen in seawater. Figure 1. Seawater Injection System In a normal operation of the seawater injection system the conditions of the process are 150,000 barrels per day, pipe diameter of 8 inches at 25  °C, however in terms of corrosion parameters the data is provided in table 1, this table shows that the mechanical deaeration process reduce the most quantity of Oxygen concentration in seawater. Table 1. Concentration of Oxygen in normal operation Concentration of O2 in different Units PPB mg/l mole/m3 Feed Seawater 7,000 7 0.22 After mechanical de-aeration process 100 0.1 0.003 After scavenger dosage 10 0.01 0.0003 With the data provided, the corrosion rate in normal operation condition is 0.0454mm/year (the calculation step by step including unit conversion are shown in the appendix) hence the corrosion rate is far less than the company acceptable value which is 0.1 mm/year, and it means that the system is working properly. It has been found that the mechanical de-aeration equipment requires repair, and it will be out of operation for between one and three months. Water system Injection without a mechanical de-aeration process: Calculating the limit current density with the following equation: Concentration of Oxygen only with the addition of Scavenger dosing = 6.910 ppm K is the mass transfer coefficient and it calculations and unit conversions are shown in the appendix. Calculating the Corrosion Rate: Assuming the main component of the pipe Iron therefore n= 2 M= 55.84 g/mol Density: 7.87 g/cm3 Now we can compare the corrosion rate of each case and determine the implications of operating the system without the mechanical de-aeration. Hence the corrosion rate will increase 502 times without the mechanical de-aeration. Based on this result it is obvious that the most important process for oxygen removal is the mechanical deareation. The company request the assessment in a technically and economically point of view three operational solutions during the repair of the mechanical de-aeration equipment. For the given acceptable corrosion rate less than 0.1 mm/year, a corrosion rate value of 0.09 mm/year was used to calculate the implications of the possible solutions. a. Decreasing the Flow Rate Assuming an acceptable corrosion Rate of 0.09 mm/year, From the equation above we can reach the Current density: With current density we can reach mass transfer coefficient k: Now we can reach the new Sh number: With Sh number we can obtain Re number: This value of Reynolds number means that we are in the transition regime between laminar flow and turbulent flow. Now we can reach the flow rate: From the technical point of view and based on the concepts of fluids mechanics, decreasing the flow volume to 260 barrels per day will generate a laminar flow (Re less than 3000) on the pipe, in other words it means that the velocity will not be in the required optimum range of 1.5 m/s to 2.5 m/s, according to Streeter. Doing the calculations the velocity will reach a very slow value of 0.014 m/s in the pipe, which is by far lower than the minimum value of 1 m/s. Therefore technically, the reduction of flow rate to reach an acceptable corrosion rate is not a possible solution. In addition, this kind of diminution of the flow rate (577 times lower than the original) would have impacts on the oil well. Specifically, it would not be able to maintain the pressure at the desired level and therefore would have a big impact on oil production leading to money loss. b. Increasing the amount of scavenger Assuming an acceptable corrosion Rate of 0.09 mm/year From the equation below we can reach the concentration of Oxygen that we need to contain in the water in order to have an acceptable corrosion rate Using Sodium sulfate as scavenger the following reaction will proceed: Hence form the stoichiometry of the reaction the relation between the compounds will be 2 moles of Scavenger and 1 mole of Oxygen. Therefore the amount of scavenger Sodium sulfate needed is: => In an injection flow rate of 150,000 bbl/day Based on scavengers calculations we need to provide the system with a high amount of scavenger to reduce the oxygen concentration that gives an acceptable corrosion rate, it is up to 1.3 ton per day, it is nearly 80 times more than amount of scavenger used in normal operation, which is about 17 kg per day. On the economically point of view, if the scavenger will substitute mechanical de-aeration for a month, the need of scavenger will be approximately 40 ton per month. By using the commercial price of scavenger 0.64 USD/kg (https://www.icis.com), it will cost around 832 USD/day and scaling it to a month it will cost nearly 24,960 USD/month. c. Corrosion Inhibitor Corrosion inhibitor compound will reduce the corrosion rate by preventing both anodic and cathodic reactions. Anodic inhibitor will be adsorbed onto metal surface to form protective film and prevent metal dissolution while cathodic inhibitor will minimize O2 reduction reaction by forming non-conducting film on metal surface. And in technical terms it could be the solution of the problem. However, from the calculations, we know that corrosion rate without the mechanical deareation is 22.5 mm/year and the aim is to decrease the corrosion rate below 0.1 mm/year. Based on the corrosion inhibitor risk category that is proposed by Hedges (2000), if the expected uninhibited corrosion rate is graeter than 6 mm/year inhibition is unlikely to provide integrity for the full field life. Therefore corrosion control of the system could not be efficient with a only corrosion inhibitor because of the high requirement of availability. Based on the results of the three possible options, on the economically point of view decreasing the injection flow rate will impact in the production of oil, and decreasing the main product (oil) of the industry it will have terrible effects in the oil company. Therefore in the corrosion engineering point of view the most accurately solution is to increase the amount of scavenger (Na2SO3) in order to reach a corrosion rate of 6 mm/year and then with the addition of corrosion inhibitors the corrosion rate can be reduce to an acceptable value of less than 0.1 mm/year. The dosage of O2 scavenger has to be interrupted for 8 hours per week for the injection of the biocide. During this time if there was not the corrosion inhibitor, the Corrosion rate would be 22.5 mm/yr. but if the Corrosion inhibitor inhibition rate is 98.5% (as from 6mm/yr to 0.09mm/yr), the corrosion rate would be: Therefore the Corrosion rate would be: The Corrosion rate is slightly above the required norm (0.002 mm/yr), but in the worst case scenario, 3 months with no deaerator, due to the fact the Corrosion rate with the mechanical deaerator is 0.0454 mm/yr which is 0.0546 mm/year less than the required standard. So, in a year perspective the slightly more amount of Corrosion will be not significant and the system will work properly. Also, the amount of Na2SO3 needed to reach a CR of 6 mm/year is 905 Kg/day and it will cost around 580 USD/day. Finally, in order to choose the ideal corrosion inhibitor laboratory tests must be performed in the same seawater that will be used. In situ tests would help to assure the quality of the results. Streeter, Victor L. Handbook of fluid mechanics. McGraw-Hill, ed 1 (1961). Hedges, B. (2000) The Corrosion Inhibitor Availability Model, NACE International, Paper 00034. Water system Injection with a mechanical de-aeration process and Oxygen scavenger addition: Considering the water system injection above and the following data we can reach a corrosion rate value in the next steps. Data provided: Pipe Diameter: = 8 inch, therefore the Area A = 50.26 in2 = 0.032429 m2 Volume Flow Rate: = 150000 bbl/d Initial Oxygen Concentration = 7 ppm Concentration of Oxygen After Mechanical De-aeretion = 100 ppb Concentration of Oxygen After Scavenger dosing = 10 ppb Kinematic Viscosity: 1.05 X 10-6 m2/s Schmidt number = 505 Calculation of Re number: Calculation of Sh Number: In turbulent Flow calculation of Diffusion coefficient: From Sh number we can reach the mass transfer coefficient k: Now calculating the limit current density with the following equation: Concentration of Oxygen after mechanical de-aeration and Scavenger dosing = 0.01 ppm Calculating the Corrosion Rate: Assuming the main component of the pipe Iron therefore: n= 2 MFe: 55.84 g/mol à Ã‚ : 7.87 g/cm3 For 8 hours per week, the O2 scavenger dosing is interrupted for biocide to be injected. So, there is an Availability of : => The Corrosion rate at a concentration of 0.1ppm of O2 is: Water system Injection without a mechanical de-aeration process: Calculating the limit current density with the following equation: Concentration of Oxygen only with the addition of Scavenger dosing = 6.910 ppm Calculating the Corrosion Rate: Assuming the main component of the pipe Iron therefore n= 2 M= 55.84 g/mol Density: 7.87 g/cm3 Now we can compare the corrosion rate of each case and determine the implications of operating the system without the mechanical de-aeration. Hence the corrosion rate will increase 502 times without the mechanical de-aeration. Evaluation of the following operational solutions: Decrease the flow rate of water: Assuming an acceptable corrosion Rate of 0.09 mm/year From the equation above we can reach the Current density: With current density we can reach mass transfer coefficient k Now we can reach the new Sh number: With Sh number we can obtain Re number: This value of Reynolds number means that we are in the transition regime between laminar flow and turbulent flow. Now we can reach the flow rate: Increasing the amount of scavenger: Assuming an acceptable corrosion Rate of 0.09 mm/year From the equation above we can reach the Current density: From the equation below we can reach the concentration of Oxygen that we need to contain in the water in order to have an acceptable corrosion rate Using Sodium sulfate as scavenger the following reaction will proceed: Hence form the stoichiometry of the reaction the relation between the compounds will be 2 moles of Scavenger and 1 mole of Oxygen. Therefore the amount of scavenger Sodium sulfate needed is: Hence we need: In an injection flow rate of 150000 barrels per day

Bond between Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club Essay

Bond between Mothers and Daughters Explored in The Joy Luck Club      Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the novel, The Joy Luck Club, author Amy Tan explores the issues of   tradition and change and the impact they have on the bond between mothers and daughters. The theme is developed through eight women that tell their separate stories, which meld into four pairs of mother-daughter relationships.    The Chinese mothers, so concentrated on the cultures of their own, don't want to realize what is going on around them. They don't want to accept the fact that their daughters are growing up in a culture so different from their own. Lindo Jong, says to her daughter, Waverly- "I once sacrificed my life to keep my parents' promise. This means nothing to you because to you, promises mean nothing. A daughter can promise to come to dinner, but if she has a headache, a traffic jam, if she wants to watch a favorite movie on T.V., she no longer has a promise."(Tan 42) Ying Ying St.Clair remarks- "...because I remained quiet for so long, now my daughter does not hear me. She sits by her fancy swimming pool and hears only her Sony Walkman, her cordless phone, her big, important husband asking her why they have charcoal and no lighter fluid."(Tan 64)    The American daughters, on the other hand, the other half of the inseparable pair, tell stories of how their mothers tradition, culture, and beliefs, helped them come to many realizations about themselves. These realizations are both positive and negative. Jing-Mei Woo tells the story of how her mother wanted her to be the next Shirley Temple. "My mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America. You could open a restaurant...You could become instantly famous.    'Of course... ... Heung, Marina. "Daughter-Text/Mother-Text: Matrilineage in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club." Feminist Studies (Fall 1993): 597-616. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York: Ivy Books, 1989. Huntley, E. D. Amy Tan: A Critical Companion. Westport: Greenwood P, 1998. Ling, Amy. Between Worlds: Women Writers of Chinese Ancestry. New York: Pergamon, 1990. Maynard, Joyce. "The Almost All-American Girls." Rev. of The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan and The Temple of my Familiar, by Alice Walker. Mademoiselle July 1989: 70, 72, 180. Miner, Valerie. "The Joy Luck Club" The-Nation. Apr. 24 '89 p. 566-9 Schell, Orville. "Your Mother is in Your Bones." Rev. of The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan. The New York Times Book Review. Mar. 19 1989: 3, 28. Wang, Dorothy. "A Game of Show and Not Tell." Rev of The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan. Newsweek April 17, 1989: 68-69.

A Peculiar Person I Met

A peculiar person I met â€Å"Humble beginnings seldom pay†- When I was traveling to Mumbai from Vadodara by train during last summer vacation along with my parents, met one young man who was sitting opposite to my seat. He was looking good and obviously confident also. After passing few minutes he asked about me and thus started our interaction. He was none other than Mr. Sarath Babu, who is known as a â€Å"mealion†boy. As mentioned in starting, â€Å"Humble beginnings seldom pay†. But E Sarath Babu will not buy that. For this 28-year-old, rags-to-riches are not just another adage.It’s his very foundation of success. From a slum in Chennai to the top echelons of academia with an enrolment in chemical engineering at BITS Pilani and IIM-A, and now as the steward of his Food King Catering business, Sarath has come a long way. His humility perhaps made him reject several high-brow offers from MNCs after his MBA. That, in a way, was the genesis of Food King C atering—with paltry Rs 2,000 seed money. I was really impressed by his politeness; simplicity and clarity about his way carry forward in life.He told me that today, his food business spans six locations with a Rs. 9-crore turnover and have a plan to increase the same to Rs. 20-crore by end of the year. For Sarath, his mother, who once sold idlis on the pavements of Chennai and worked as an ayah, is a pillar of strength. â€Å"Her sacrifice eggs me on†, says Sarath. Apart from bringing up four children, Sarath’s mother worked as a cook for the mid-day meal scheme for 11 years and got paid just a rupee each day. He was really struggled during his study period and only source of income was his mother’s income.He was well aware that he should do very well in his studies and get sufficient income for him as well his family. He studied hard and completed his engineering and further MBA from IIM Ahmedabad. It was the real example of success which is over coming inadequate resources. I remember that often we used to misuse the facilities we are having and complain about silly things. We have good house to reside, good cloths to wear, bycicle to ply to school and tuition and pocket money whenever demanded. Still not satisfied!!.Now I am sure that how much high the level of struggle you have in life, your progress also will be very high in life, and the same will make a strong foundation of your future life and guide you towards positive growth. Mr. Sarat still remembering that as his mother’s income was insufficient, she mom sought refuge in the food business to supplement her meager income. As she rolled dough in the form of idlis, dosas, bhajjis and appams, it was Sarath’s job to sell them in the neighbourhood. â€Å"For kids living in a slum, idlis for breakfast is something very special,† says Sarath even to this day.A natural entrant to the food business with acquired acumen in childhood, Sarath has trained his sigh t higher. From the current 250 people, he’s aiming to recruit 2,000 people by next year, â€Å"and probably, 5,000 in the next two years†. This shows his vision, mission and planning accordingly. In everybody’s life all should have a clarity that what should do and where we will stand after certain period. That is first set your goal, plan accordingly and act immediate. This will surely ensure your success.Initially, his catering business, with two units in Ahmedabad, was Rs 2,000-per -day in the loss. â€Å"But I burnt the midnight oil literally to get a solution,† Sarath told me. It’s worth a mention here that Sarath spent most of his childhood in the dark, without electricity. He focused on volumes rather than simple servings, and started taking contracts from institutions and companies. Please remember that if you want to grow think big and do big. To bag an order, Sarath even slept on the platform of Mumbai’s railway station. â€Å"Tha t’s one of my finest nights I’ve ever had,† Sarath reminisces.Today, Food King is targeting 100 clients, including 50 top institutions and 50 corporates for the snacks business — South Indian, North Indian and Chinese food. Food business is not just about selling but also taking care of quality and the people associated with it, Sarath points out. He now envisions FoodKing’s Palace (food malls) across cities where all kinds of Indian food would be served at â€Å"economical rates†. And how does he manage his team? â€Å"I ask them to write their dreams on a piece of paper and advise them to think of developing themselves,† says Sarath.As mentioned before, think big, plan and act. You are the best judge of you, not any one else. Make clear strategy and homework before getting in to anything in life. The will boost your morale and confidence level. I was indeed impressing upon how he is taking advantage of reverse situations also. Is he really worried about inflation or price-rise in food products? When most of the restaurants have increased their prices, Sarath sees an opportunity to serve at a cheaper price. â€Å"Sourcing from one place makes a lot of difference.I will tap this opportunity,† says Sarath. Today, he drives a Chevrolet to take his mother for a ride to oversee his business units in Chennai. â€Å"Next, I want to build a house for my mother,† says Sarath. Remember- don’t panic on when adverse situations happens in life, treat it as an opportunity and learn to convert the same in to success. I still remember this peculiar person I met during my journey which has really improved my thought process and given me a clear cut clarity how to think, plan and act on the things we want to do in life.

Essay on Post Child Labor

Essay on Post Child Labor Essay on Post Child Labor Essay on Post Child LaborThe child labor is absolutely unacceptable in the contemporary world but this trend still persists because companies pursue maximum profits and neglect basic human rights of the least protected group, i.e. children. Today, many companies from developed countries move their production to under-developed nations, where they pay little attention to whether human rights of employees are respected or not. Companies operating in under-developed countries, in their turn, look for the cheapest labor force. As a result, they employ children, whose rights they may fully neglect and force them to work for next to nothing. Children will not be able to confront their employer in any way, while they are much cheaper employee than adults. However, the employment of children leads to the violation of their basic rights granted by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international treaties. As a rule, workplace safety is totally ignore, while, in many instan ces, children are just unaware of the workplace safety and they just do not know how to work safely. Instead, they just perform tasks that are told to by their manager or supervisor. As a result, the neglect of child rights and the severe exploitation of child labor lead not only to the violation of child rights but also to injuries and considerable health problems. Moreover, the use of child labor has a destructive impact on the local economy and labor market as well as international ones because adult employees in under-developed as well as developed countries lose their jobs which are performed by children. As a result, unemployed workers lose opportunities to earn for living that may trigger emerging crime rates and other social and economic problems. Hence, the child labor should be banned.

Challenge situation.

Challenge situation. The challenging family situation I would like to share with you is our move from Korea to the United States. In 1989, my life was changed when my family immigrated to a new country, hoping for a better future. My life in Korea was hopeless, because I was a failing student with not much interest in school. I spent the majority of my time in Arcades, wasting my coins on video games. Rather than studying with my friends, as I had told my parents I would, I obsessed over the games. The only positive aspect to my life was my private computer programming lessons. Programming in Apple BASIC presented me with an opportunity to create my own world. One day, my parents told me that we were going to move to the United States of America, and I developed a strong feeling that my life soon would change forever.United StatesAfter spending eleven years in Korea, our family moved to a totally different environment. This I knew would be my toughest challenge to date. As a fifth grader attending a new elementary school in a new country, I felt left out because of my inability to communicate. Some kids assumed that I did not understand them at all, so they made rude remarks about me. I understood them, maybe not completely, but I knew the intent of their messages. All that I had was my Apple II computer at which I just sat and programmed when I came home from school. At home, my parents pressured me to study all of the time, but I was frustrated and wanted to return to Korea. I wanted to go back and talk freely with my friends and play games with them. My parents often told me that they decided to move here...

Short answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Short answer - Assignment Example In this case, individual names may come into use or the use of names of acquaintances. These sequences often vary widely between composers. Schumann used such sequences in some of his compositions. One of the cryptograms he used was Scha (E-flat, C, B natural, A) as a representative for self in carnaval. In other cases, he used the reverse sequence of ASCH (Daverio 65-70). Music in the romantic era was an avenue that allowed the composers to express their emotions freely without hindrance. There were different types of music in this era. Schubert’s composition ‘the death and the maiden’ belonged to the category of ‘lied’ that combined an art song and the piano. ‘The death and the maiden’ was slow, accompanied by piano, and expressed the strongest of emotions of death. These traits make it fit in the romantic era. Schubert makes use of several devices to portray the characters of the famous poem ‘Erlkonig’. The story depicted in the poem has the narrator, father, boy, and Erlkonig. Schubert used different voice ranges with narrator using the middle range. He assigned the father a low range and a high range for the son while the Erlking stands out with the use of melody and piano adjustments. There are triplets of piano repetitions before the appearance of the ghostly Erlking. As the Erlking speaks, the piano produces rises and falls of arpeggios. There is a hastening of the pace as the father makes attempts of rescuing his son (Daverio

Politics Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Politics Issues - Assignment Example According to Francis Fukuyama the philosopher, political economist, and author, the arrival of the western liberal democracy may indicate demolishing of humanity’s sociocultural evolution and the final structure of the human regime. The explanations of arguments in favor of his statement are: According to Francis Fukuyama the philosopher, political economist, and author, the arrival of the western liberal democracy may indicate demolishing of humanity’s sociocultural evolution and the final structure of the human regime. The explanations of arguments in favor of his statement are:ïÆ'Ëœ Political Argument – Wars and conflicts between nations arise out of in different political systems. As additional numbers of the country accept liberal democracy as their main structure of government, wars among them will no longer take place.  Ã¯Æ'Ëœ Empirical argument – There has been a shift for the States in the beginning of the 19th century which was meant to accept a few type of liberal democracy to be its government, better explained as the government that has individual rights like the right to free speech much better to the rights of the state.  Ã¯Æ'Ëœ Philosophical argument –Fukuyama observes the power of thymos or human spiritedness. He argues that democracy hampers behaviors which are risky. Progressive balanced thought illustrates that the responsibility of master and slave are indecisive and self-defeating and hence not accepted by lofty spirits.  Democracy Signaled the â€Å"End of History†According to the Social scientist, Francis Fukuyama democracy signaled the â€Å"end of history† due to the failure of Communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and realism triumph of liberal democracy above all other outlines of political ideology (Blunden, â€Å"The End of History and the Last Man†).